新国学网:四羊方尊在艺术收藏界的地位你了解吗？_造型-祭祀-礼器

四羊方尊是商朝晚期偏早（约公元前14世纪-前11世纪），属于礼器，祭祀酒器用品，四羊方尊方口，大沿

 

四羊方尊是商朝晚期偏早（约公元前14世纪-前11世纪），属于礼器，祭祀酒器用品，四羊方尊方口，大沿，长颈，高圈足。颈饰三角和，肩饰高浮雕蛇身而有爪的龙纹，肩部四隅是四个卷角羊头，尊腹即为羊的前胸，羊腿则附于高图足上。羊的前胸及颈背部饰鳞纹，两侧饰有美丽的长冠凤纹。

Si Yang Fang Zun was in the late Shang Dynasty (about the 14th century BC-the 11th century BC) and belonged to ritual vessels, sacrificial wine vessels, four sheep Fang Zun Fang Kou, large brim, long neck and high legs. The neck is decorated with triangular harmony, the shoulder is decorated with high relief snake body with claw dragon pattern, the four corners of the shoulder are four curly horn sheep heads, the belly is the front chest of the sheep, and the leg of the sheep is attached to the high figure foot. The front chest and neck back of the sheep are decorated with scales, and both sides are decorated with beautiful long crests and phoenix stripes.

高20CM,宽15CM

“尊”是一种盛酒器，在商代前期已经出现，商代后期出现圆尊、弧形尊、方尊、鸟兽尊四大类，而四羊方尊正是其中最具代表性的一例。四羊方尊造型雄奇，肩、腹部与足部作为一体被巧妙地设计成四只卷角羊，各据一隅，在庄静中突出动感，匠心独运。整器花纹精丽，线条光洁刚劲。通体以细密云雷纹为地，颈部饰由夔龙纹组成的蕉叶纹与带状饕餮纹，肩上饰四条高浮雕式盘龙，羊前身饰长冠鸟纹，圈足饰。

"Zun" is a wine container, which appeared in the early Shang Dynasty. In the late Shang Dynasty, there were four categories: round, curved, square, bird and beast. Four sheep square was the most representative one. The four-ram square statue has a magnificent shape. The shoulder, abdomen and foot are ingeniously designed as one body into four rolled-up horns, each one according to its own corner, highlighting the dynamic feeling and ingenuity in Zhuang Jing. The overall pattern is fine and beautiful, and the lines are smooth and firm. The whole body is made up of fine Yun Leiwen. The neck is decorated with banana leaf pattern and belt-shaped gluttonous pattern composed of KuiLong pattern. The shoulder is decorated with four high relief panlong. The front of the sheep is decorated with long crown bird pattern and ring foot pattern.

方尊边角及各面中心线，均置耸起的扉棱，既用以掩盖合范痕迹，又可改善器物边角的单调，增强了造型气势，浑然一体。此器采用了圆雕与浮雕相结合的装饰手法，将四羊与器身巧妙地结合为一体，使原本造型死板的器物，变得十分生动，将器用与动物造型有机地结合成一体，并擅于把握平面纹饰与立体雕塑之间的处理，达到了技术与艺术的完美结合。

The edges of the square statue and the center line of each side are all provided with raised leaf edges, which can not only cover up the trace of conformity, but also improve the monotony of the edges of the implements, enhancing the imposing manner of the modeling and integrating into a whole. This device adopts the decorative technique of combining round sculpture and relief sculpture, skillfully combining the four sheep with the body of the device, making the originally rigid objects very vivid, organically combining the device with animal modeling, and being good at grasping the treatment between plane decoration and three-dimensional sculpture, thus achieving the perfect combination of technology and art.

据考古学者分析四羊方尊是用两次分铸技术铸造的，即先将羊角与龙头单个铸好，然后将其分别配置在外范内，再进行整体浇铸。整个器物用块范法浇铸，一气呵成，，显示了高超的铸造水平。四羊方尊集线雕、、圆雕于一器，把平面纹饰与立体雕塑融会贯通、把器皿和动物形状结合起来，恰到好处，以异常高超的制成。在商代的青铜方尊中，此器形体的端庄典雅是无与伦比的。此尊造型简洁、优美雄奇，寓动于静。被称为“臻于极致的青铜典范”。

According to the analysis of archaeologists, Siyang Fang Zun was cast by two separate casting techniques, i.e. the horn and the faucet were cast separately, then they were respectively arranged in the outer mold, and then the whole casting was carried out. The whole vessel was cast in one piece, showing a superb casting level. The four-goat square statue combines line carving, round carving and round carving into one device. It integrates plane decoration with three-dimensional sculpture, and combines vessel and animal shape. It is just right and made with exceptional skill. Among the bronze square statues of the Shang Dynasty, the dignified and elegant shape of this vessel is incomparable. This statue is simple in shape, graceful and magnificent, and it combines movement with stillness. It is called "the bronze model of perfection".

尊一般为圆形、鼓腹、大口，也有少数方形尊。四羊方尊便是其中一例。“尊”，常与“彝”并称成组的青铜礼器，此类器物主要流行于商周时期，基本造型是侈口、高颈，圆腹或方腹、圈足较高。商代晚期至西周早期是青铜尊的铸造盛期。以四羊方尊式的方形尊和觚式尊，共同特点是在器表的合范处多饰有凸起的棱脊，且通身雕满了精密繁缛的云雷纹、兽面纹、蕉叶纹，整个器物给人以雄浑厚重之感。

Statues are generally round, bulging and big-mouthed, with a few square ones. Four sheep Fang Zun is one example. "Zun" and "Yi" are often called bronze ritual vessels in groups. These vessels were mainly popular in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Their basic shapes were small mouth, high neck, round abdomen or square abdomen, and high circle foot. From the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze statues were in full bloom. The four-goat square and vase-shaped statues have the common feature that convex ridges are decorated on the fitting parts of the vessel surface, and the whole body is carved with elaborate Yun Leiwen, animal face and banana leaf patterns. The whole vessel gives a strong and thick feeling.

尊一般为圆形、鼓腹、大口，也有少数方形尊。四羊方尊便是其中一例。“尊”，常与“彝”并称成组的青铜礼器，此类器物主要流行于商周时期，基本造型是侈口、高颈，圆腹或方腹、圈足较高。商代晚期至西周早期是青铜尊的铸造盛期。以四羊方尊式的方形尊和觚式尊，共同特点是在器表的合范处多饰有凸起的棱脊，且通身雕满了精密繁缛的云雷纹、兽面纹、蕉叶纹，整个器物给人以雄浑厚重之感。

Statues are generally round, bulging and big-mouthed, with a few square ones. Four sheep Fang Zun is one example. "Zun" and "Yi" are often called bronze ritual vessels in groups. These vessels were mainly popular in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Their basic shapes were small mouth, high neck, round abdomen or square abdomen, and high circle foot. From the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze statues were in full bloom. The four-goat square and vase-shaped statues have the common feature that convex ridges are decorated on the fitting parts of the vessel surface, and the whole body is carved with elaborate Yun Leiwen, animal face and banana leaf patterns. The whole vessel gives a strong and thick feeling.

首先，羊在祭祀礼仪中的地位仅次于牛，商代国都所在的河南安阳小屯发现大量祭祀坑，最多的就是牛、羊、犬，商王武丁时期的一条有关商王室对武丁祭祀的材料中提到“卜用百犬、百羊”，另一条材料中提到“十五羊”、“五十羊”，可见羊作为祭祀的牺牲用量是很大的。 羊的个性也使之成为人们喜爱的对象。先秦时期，人们对羊的个性有两个归纳：善良知礼；外柔内刚。羊“跪乳”的习性，被视为善良知礼，甚至被后世演绎为了孝敬父母的典范；外柔内刚也被引申出许多神圣的秉性，传说的始祖皋陶敬羊，《诗经·召南》中也有“文王之政，廉直，德如羔羊”的说法，中国古代一种独角怪兽也被认为与羊有关，能看出人是否有罪，能分辨是非曲直。因此，后世以独角兽表示法律与公正。

First of all, sheep is second only to cattle in sacrificial ceremonies. A large number of sacrificial pits have been found in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan, where the capital of Shang Dynasty is located. Most of them are cattle, sheep and dogs. In a material about the Shang royal family's sacrifice to Wu Ding in the period of Shang Wang Wuding, "100 dogs and 100 sheep are used for divination" and "15 sheep" and "50 sheep" are mentioned in another material. It can be seen that sheep are used for sacrifice in a large amount. Sheep's personality also makes it the object of people's love. In the pre-Qin period, people had two generalizations about sheep's personality: kindness and propriety; The outside is soft and the inside is firm. Sheep's habit of "kneeling on milk" is regarded as kindness and courtesy, and even interpreted by later generations as a model of filial piety to parents. Many sacred natures have also been extended from the outside to the inside. The legendary ancestor Hao Tao worships sheep. In The Book of Songs Zhao Nan, there is also a saying that "Wen Wang's government is honest and upright, and virtue is like a lamb". A one-horned monster in ancient China is also believed to be related to sheep. It can be seen whether people are guilty or not and can distinguish between right and wrong. Therefore, later generations expressed law and justice with unicorns.

 

关键字： 内容标签：造型,祭祀,礼器,造型 祭祀 礼器